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Atmosphere Checked, One Mars Year Before a Landing

What will the Martian atmosphere be like when the next Mars rover descends through it for landing in August of 2012?

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An instrument studying the Martian atmosphere from orbit has begun a four-week campaign to characterize daily atmosphere changes, one Mars year before the arrival of the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity. A Mars year equals 687 Earth days.
The planet's thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide is highly repeatable from year to year at the same time of day and seasonal date during northern spring and summer on Mars.
The Mars Climate Sounder instrument on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter maps the distribution of temperature, dust, and water ice in the atmosphere. Temperature variations with height indicate how fast air density changes and thus the rates at which the incoming spacecraft slows down and heats up during its descent.
"It is currently one Mars year before the Mars Science Laboratory arrival season," said atmospheric scientist David Kass of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "This campaign will provide a set of observations to support the Mars Science Laboratory engineering team and Mars atmospheric modelers. The information will constrain the expected climate at their landing season. It will also help define the range of possible weather conditions on landing day."
During the four years the Mars Climate Sounder has been studying the Martian atmosphere, its observations have seen conditions only at about three in the afternoon and three in the morning. For the new campaign, the instrument team is inaugurating a new observation mode, looking to both sides as well as forward. This provides views of the atmosphere earlier and later in the day by more than an hour, covering the range of possible times of day that the rover will pass through the atmosphere before landing.

Yahoo and NBC Sports Group to combine sports content

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Yahoo and NBC Sports Group to combine sports content

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 Yahoo! Inc and NBC Sports Group said they will integrate and promote each others sports content on the Internet as well as on television in a move that would help both the companies draw on their respective strengths across both mediums.

The Yahoo logo is seen at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada January 7, 2008. REUTERS/Rick Wilking

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The collaboration will increase NBC's digital presence as well as bolster its college and fantasy game coverage, while Yahoo will gain access NBC's video content, live sports coverage and big name television personalities.
The two companies will maintain separate websites and independent newsrooms, but will collaborate on big sports news stories as well as events coverage both online and on the air, the companies said in a statement late on Sunday.
Yahoo has looked to increase its involvement with television content, it announced a major content sharing deal for financial news with CNBC in June.
The sports news providers will also jointly develop made-for-web video programs that will appear on both Yahoo Sports and NBCSports.com as well as collaborate in how they provide advertising.
The alliance will include, Yahoo Sports, the Rivals Network, NBCSports.com, NBC Sports Regional Networks, Golf Channel.com, Rotoworld.com and Allisports.com. NBCSports.com will continue to provide sports content for NBCNews.com.
NBC Sports is part of NBC Universal Media, a unit of Comcast Corp.

Satellite captures "black marble" view of Earth at night

Almost 40 years to the day after the Apollo 17 crew snapped the famed "blue marble" image of Earth floating in space on December 7, 1972, NASA has unveiled "black marble" video views of the planet by night.

Lights across the earth are pictured in this NASA handout satellite image obtained by Reuters December 5, 2012. This new image of the Earth at night is a composite assembled from data acquired by the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite over nine days in April 2012 and thirteen days in October 2012. It took 312 orbits and 2.5 terabytes of data to get a clear shot of every parcel of Earth’s land surface and islands. REUTERS/NASA/Handout.

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The cloud-free pictures, taken with a high-resolution visible and infrared imager aboard a NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite, capture the night lights of Earth in unprecedented detail.
The sensor can capture the equivalent of three low-light images simultaneously, giving researchers the opportunity to study Earth's atmosphere, land and oceans at night.
"It's very high-quality data," NOAA scientist Christopher Elvidge told reporters at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco.
"I rate it six times better spatial resolution."
The so-called day-night band of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite, or VIIRS, can distinguish the night-time glow of Earth's atmosphere as well as a light from a single ship at sea. The resolution is far sharper than what has been available previously.
VIIRS is aboard the Suomi NPP satellite, which orbits about 500 miles above Earth's poles.
Scientists used the day-night sensor to watch the superstorm Sandy, illuminated by moonlight, hit the New Jersey shore on October 29. It also captured the power outages that plunged the area into darkness as the storm tore into populated areas.
The National Weather Service is starting to use the VIIRS day-night sensor to forecast fog in coastal regions, including San Francisco.
Some VIIRS images have surprised scientists. The sensor, for example, captured light from the upper atmosphere illuminating clouds and ice in visible wavelengths - by night.
Link to images: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/news/earth-at-night.html

Mars Constantly Loses Part of Its Atmosphere to Space Due to Solar Wind

Space physicists from the University of Leicester are part of an international team that has identified the impact of the Sun on Mars' atmosphere.

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Space & Time

• Mars
• Solar System
• NASA
• Space Missions
• Space Exploration
• Sun

Reference

• Solar flare
• Solar wind
• Deimos (moon)
• Solar radiation

Writing in the AGU journal Geophysics Research Letters, the scientists report that Mars is constantly losing part of its atmosphere to space.
The new study shows that pressure from solar wind pulses is a significant contributor to Mars's atmospheric escape.
The researchers analysed solar wind data and satellite observations that track the flux of heavy ions leaving Mars's atmosphere. The authors found that Mars's atmosphere does not drift away at a steady pace; instead, atmospheric escape occurs in bursts.
The researchers related those bursts of atmospheric loss to solar events known as corotating interaction regions (CIRs). CIRs form when regions of fast solar wind encounter slower solar wind, creating a high-pressure pulse. When these CIR pulses pass by Mars, they can drive away particles from Mars's atmosphere.
The authors found that during times when these CIRs occurred, the outflow of atmospheric particles from Mars was about 2.5 times the outflow when these events were not occurring. Furthermore, about one third of the material lost from Mars into space is lost during the impact and passing of CIRs.
The study should help scientists better understand the evolution of Mars's atmosphere.
Professor Mark Lester, Head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leicester said: "The main reason it happens at Mars and not at Earth is the lack of a magnetic field produced by the planet, which protects the atmosphere at Earth.
"One other aspect of this work is that the observations were made during a very quiet period in the eleven year solar cycle and so we would expect the effect of these and other large scale disturbances to be higher at other times in the solar cycle."
Leicester's role in the study was to analyse the data using ideas that academic researchers had from discussions within the Radio and Space Plasma Physics Research Group.

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Build Your Own Solar Panels

Build Your Own Solar Panels

Hundreds of people are attempting to figure out what the expenses are for installing solar panels. This guide is designed to mentor you in deciding which type of solar panels you need for your house, build your own or commercially designed.
Commercially Made Retail Solar Panels or Do It Yourself Solar Panels
There are a wide array of investments associated with installing solar panels which can be elevated or minimized based on on the amount of your involvement with the installation process. The highest expenditures method involves buying full retail for both installation and solar panels. The least expensive method includes build your own solar panels and installing by yourself. This guide will help you to choose the best method for your situation.
How to Calculate Kilowatts and Kilowatt Hours
Kilowatt hours, also said as kW h, is the amount of power which is consumed by an average US residence every month (one kW h). In a thirty-one day month there will be seven hundred and forty-four hours. Assuming one hour of power coming from the grid is twenty cents, this means every month an average house will consume $148 dollars in power. There usually are several factors which can alter your monthly electric bill, average watt cost or electric use levels can vary for every household. Calculating your watt consumption allows you figure how much kW your planned solar panel system will be required to make.
Commercially Obtained Solar Panels and Installation by Professional
At the expensive end of the spectrum are solar panels which are gotten from a retail store and installed through one of their professionals. This option can cost over twenty thousand, conditional on how much power your place needs. If professional installation is the path you want to go, you should read the fine print on the cost for each watt when factoring in the cost of installation.
Many professionals figure that the price of professionally installed solar panels can cost upwards of $7 to $9 per watt. That means a system that is quoted at four kW should cost about $28,000 to $36,000.
What volume of electricity can you rely on from a four kW solar panel system?
This question is a little tricky. The answer requires varying information like:

• For how long does the sun shine at your residence and how often are there clouds?
• What angle are you placing the solar panels at and how many hours per day do they receive sun?
• How far does the sun filter through the atmosphere based on your longitude?

Calculating these issues is too complex to address in this article, but here is an estimate using a California, San Francisco Bay house. An average residence in this area usually gets 2000 kilowatt hours every year with a one kilowatt solar panel system. A average residence in the Bay Area will consume eight thousand kilowatt hours per year. For a residence here, on average four kW generation is plenty to account for all power use. You can locate lots of solar power calculators by searching for “solar power calculators” on google, which will let you to calculate the power you can expect from solar panels at your location.
How long until solar panels pay for themselves?
For a professional retail installation, again assuming the four kW h example detailed above, a professional installation can total twenty eight to thirty six thousand dollars. If you get lower sun than California, this would of course be more. This is not a national average of cost per kW h, but we will estimate that electricity from your local power company averages $0.20 per kW h (within California). Eight thousand kW h per year equals one thousand two hundred. This puts the pay-off point beyond twenty years. Several professional installation companies offer discounts which, when added to tax breaks and government subsidies, can occasionally lessen this total to 15 years. This is still far too much for most buyers to consider a solar panel system.
A great option to lessen the amount of cost required for a solar installation is to build your own solar panels. There is a do-it-yourself kit which explains how to build your own solar panels. Doing it yourself is a great way to lessen the expense of a solar panel system to put it in your price range. Here is a review of one build your own solar panel kit.
Do-It-Yourself Solar Panel Kit
The reality is you do not have to be a builder, anyone can build solar panels using a good manual, using photos and diagrams. Everyone can build their own solar panels with comprehensive training videos, saving the cost of your installment by tens of thousands of dollars. What you need are excellent directions that can walk you through the process step-by-step using many methods of teaching, like an informative training manual and tutorial videos. A DIY solar panel kit will reduce your expenses on a solar panel installation from seven to nine dollars per watt to less than one dollar. Use this manual to find low cost slightly scratched or otherwise second-rate solar cells, (photovoltaic cells) which are as good as new solar cells and noticeably less cost. Most of the remaining accessories can be purchased at your hardware store. Here are the items received using this solar panel kit:

• Construct cheap solar panels. Save thousands over retail and do it yourself for less than $100!
• Learn the amount of solar panels you will need to create the voltage you need by using the solar power calculator which is included.
• Learn how to mount solar panels on your home roof, just like the professionals.
• Easy guide on finding solar tax rebates, this solar panel guide has every forms needed.
• Electrical wiring diagrams for assembling solar panels safely.
• Video tutorials, see every important step done with our professional training videos. Includes more than 2 hours of video.
• Make your own wind turbine. Our instructional kit has details on building your own wind turbines.
• Satisfaction guarantee. For sixty days you can evaluate the materials to determine their quality. If these materials do not meet your expectations, you are allowed a 100% refund, no questions asked.

For best DIY solar panel kit visit build your own solar panels.

DIY Solar Power: Accessible To Everyone

DIY Solar Power: Accessible To Everyone

The sun generates enough sunlight each day to power the world electricity needs for a whole calendar year. We are not harness and converting it into electricity is the problem. It is very costly to have solar power systems installed, until now.
If you have ever a solar power job bid out by a solar installer, you already know it could cost thousands of dollars and would require years to recoup your initial investment. But today due to amazing leaps in solar advancements over the past few years, all of that has changed. to build your own home made solar power panels yourself, is now possible, right on your rooftop or in your own back yard, from home made solar power plans you get right off the Internet, and all for under two hundred dollars to start. It is clean and produces no adverse environmental effects is the best part of solar power. Solar power is now accessible to almost everyone and Home made solar power plans have become readily obtainable on the Internet.
To build your own solar power systems from home made solar power blueprints is possible now, starting around $200 right in your own work shop, and the best part is with tax deductions and power company rebates you can re coop you investment in days and not years in most part of the country. Recouping your investment quickly and saving thousands each year from you electric bills, with a little effort you can install a complete solar power panel for next to nothing.
Without the suns limitless supply of energy, the world we know now would be nothing more than a frozen lifeless rock in space. It only makes sense that we look to this endless and green supply of solar power energy, to supply of electric power needs in the future.
You can easily generate enough solar power, from the surfaces of your home, to drastically cut or eliminate your electric bills forever, in most parts of the world. You can create a power source that provides a clean source of electric power 24/7 where utilizing a basic array of home made solar cells and batteries should you decide.
Victor Falcon is the Author of “You Can Turn Water Into Fire”aboutHHO Information,which is the World’s#1″Water as Fuel”Book and sells HHO units.Click Here for HHO Dry Cells!